Variation in the COVID-19 infection–fatality ratio by age, time, and geography during the pre-vaccine era: a systematic analysis

Estimating the IFR for global populations helps to identify relative vulnerabilities
to COVID-19. Information about how IFR varies by age, time, and location informs clinical
practice and non-pharmaceutical interventions like physical distancing measures, and
underpins vaccine risk stratification. IFR and mortality risk form a J shape with
respect to age, which previous research, such as that by Glynn and Moss in 2020, has
identified to be a common pattern among infectious diseases. Understanding the experience
of a population with COVID-19 mortality requires consideration for local factors;
IFRs varied by a factor of more than 30 among 190 countries and territories in this
analysis.

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